Based on these five clinical phenotypes, we suggest differential diagnostic pathways in order to establish the underlying cause. We propose a flow chart based on five common basic clinical patterns of peripheral neuropathy. Laboratory tests, including genetic testing, CSF examination, nerve imaging, and nerve biopsy, represent additional clinical tests that can be useful in specific clinical scenarios. Nerve conduction studies are essential to determine the phenotype (axonal versus demyelinating) and severity. The variability of symptoms allows distinguishing characteristic clinical phenotypes of peripheral neuropathy that should be recognized in order to stratify the diagnostic workup accordingly. A thorough workup including clinical history and examination, nerve conduction studies, and comprehensive laboratory tests is warranted to identify treatable causes. The most common causes are diabetes, exposure to toxic substances including alcohol and chemotherapeutics, immune-mediated conditions, and gene mutations. Peripheral neuropathy represents a spectrum of diseases with different etiologies.
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